IRR: ∑ CFₜ / (1+r)ᵗ = 0Internal Rate of Return: the discount rate that makes the net present value of all cash flows equal to zeroMOIC = TV / ICMultiple on Invested Capital: total value returned divided by total capital investedV = ∑ FCFₜ / (1+WACC)ᵗDiscounted Cash Flow: enterprise value equals the sum of future free cash flows discounted at the weighted average cost of capitalC = S₀N(d₁) - Ke⁻ʳᵗN(d₂)Black-Scholes Option Pricing: calculates the theoretical fair value of European call options using stock price, strike price, volatility, time, and risk-free rateWACC = (E/V)·rₑ + (D/V)·rₓ(1-T)Weighted Average Cost of Capital: the blended required return across equity and debt, accounting for the tax shield on interestS = (Rₚ - Rₒ) / σₚSharpe Ratio: excess return per unit of portfolio risk, measuring risk-adjusted performanceEV = MC + D - C + PS + MIEnterprise Value: market capitalization plus total debt minus cash, plus preferred stock and minority interestP = D₁ / (r - g)Gordon Growth Model: intrinsic stock value equals next year's dividend divided by the difference between required return and growth rateβ = Cov(Rᵢ, Rₘ) / Var(Rₘ)Beta Coefficient: measures systematic risk by comparing an asset's return covariance with the market to the market's varianceDPI = Dₚ / PIDistributions to Paid-In: cumulative distributions returned to investors divided by total capital contributedTVPI = (NAV + D) / PITotal Value to Paid-In: net asset value plus distributions divided by paid-in capital, measuring total fund performanceα = Rᵢ - [β(Rₘ - Rₒ) + Rₒ]Jensen's Alpha: the excess return of a portfolio above the return predicted by the Capital Asset Pricing ModelNPV = ∑ CFₜ(1+r)⁻ᵗ - I₀Net Present Value: the difference between the present value of future cash flows and the first investment outlayE[R] = ∑ pᵢ · RᵢExpected Return: the probability-weighted average of all possible returns for an investmentD/E = Total Debt / EquityDebt-to-Equity Ratio: measures financial use by comparing total liabilities to shareholder equityG = (∏(1+rᵢ))^(1/n) - 1Geometric Mean Return: the compounded annual growth rate that accounts for the effects of compounding over multiple periods
